Global temperature averages have risen by roughly 1.1 °C since pre‑industrial times, and heat‑wave frequency is climbing across most continents. Public health agencies define heat‑related risk as the combination of ambient temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation that overwhelms the body’s thermoregulatory capacity. Physiologically, core temperature above 38.5 °C signals the onset of heat stress, while prolonged exposure can progress to heat illness.
Researchers and emergency services rely on composite metrics such: the Heat Index and Wet‑Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) to translate raw weather data into actionable risk levels. When these indices exceed 105 °F (40.6 °C), hospitals report spikes in heat‑related admissions. Vulnerable populations—including the elderly, young children, and individuals with cardiovascular conditions—experience amplified effects at lower thresholds, underscoring the need for nuanced assessment.